The Stance of Bertrand Russell and Will Durant on Philosophy and Sufism Affiliated with Islam Presentation and Study

Document Type : Original Article

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College of Education – King Saud University

Abstract

This text explores the differing perspectives of Bertrand Russell and Will Durant on Islamic philosophy and mysticism, highlighting the clear contrast between their views. Russell, a rationalist and empiricist philosopher, regarded Islamic mysticism—as mysticism in general—with skepticism, seeing it as a departure from reason and the scientific method. While he acknowledged some contributions of Muslim philosophers, particularly in logic and the translation of Greek thought, he believed their close connection to religion limited their ability to develop an independent and original philosophy. In contrast, Will Durant held a more appreciative stance toward Islamic philosophy and mysticism, recognizing in them a profound spiritual depth and significant cultural impact. He praised prominent figures such as Avicenna, Al-Ghazali, and Averroes, considering them influential contributors to human thought. The importance of this study lies in revealing the contrasting Western perspectives on Islamic intellectual heritage—between Russell’s cautious rationalism and Durant’s openness and civilizational appreciation. This contrast underscores how Western thinkers’ philosophical backgrounds shape their evaluation of Islamic philosophical and mystical traditions.

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